Pregnancy-Related Deaths by Hispanic Origin, United States, 2009-2018.

Objective: To describe pregnancy-related mortality among Hispanic people by place of origin (country or region of Hispanic ancestry), 2009-2018. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of pregnancy-related deaths among Hispanic people, stratified by place of origin (Central or South America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Other and Unknown Hispanic), using Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data, 2009-2018. We describe distributions of pregnancy-related deaths and pregnancy-related mortality ratios (number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births) overall and by place of origin for select demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: For 2009-2018, the overall pregnancy-related mortality ratio among Hispanic people was 11.5 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.8-12.2). In general, pregnancy-related mortality ratios were higher among older age groups (i.e., 35 years and older) and lower among those with higher educational attainment (i.e., college degree or higher). Approximately two in five pregnancy-related deaths among Hispanic people occurred on the day of delivery through 6 days postpartum. Place of origin-specific pregnancy-related mortality ratios ranged from 9.6 (95% CI: 5.8-15.0) among people of Cuban origin to 15.3 (95% CI: 12.4-18.3) among people of Puerto Rican origin. Hemorrhage and infection were the most frequent causes of pregnancy-related deaths overall among Hispanic people. People of Puerto Rican origin had a higher proportion of deaths because of cardiomyopathy. Conclusions: We identified differences in pregnancy-related mortality by place of origin among Hispanic people that can help inform prevention of pregnancy-related deaths.

Deaths: Final Data for 2020.

Objective-This report presents final 2020 data on U.S. deaths, death rates, life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality, and trends by selected characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin and race, state of residence, and cause of death. Methods-Information reported on death certificates is presented in descriptive tabulations. The original records are filed in state registration offices. Statistical information is compiled in a national database through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program of the National Center for Health Statistics. Causes of death are processed according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Beginning in 2018, all states and the District of Columbia were using the 2003 revised certificate of death for the entire year, which includes the 1997 Office of Management and Budget revised standards for race. Data based on these revised standards are not completely comparable to previous years. Results-In 2020, a total of 3,383,729 deaths were reported in the United States. The age-adjusted death rate was 835.4 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population, an increase of 16.8% from the 2019 rate. Life expectancy at birth was 77.0 years, a decrease of 1.8 years from 2019. Age-specific death rates increased from 2019 to 2020 for age groups 15 years and over and decreased for age group under 1 year. Many of the 15 leading causes of death in 2020 changed from 2019. COVID-19, a new cause of death in 2020, became the third leading cause in 2020. The infant mortality rate decreased 2.9% to a historic low of 5.42 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2020. Conclusions-In 2020, the age-adjusted death rate increased and life expectancy at birth decreased for the total, male, and female populations, primarily due to the influence of deaths from COVID-19.

Mortalidade materna em Goiás durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Maternal mortality in Goiás during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021

A mortalidade materna tem sido um problema de saúde pública significativo e persistente no Brasil e a situação foi exarcebada pela pandemia COVID-19. Morte materna é aquela que ocorre durante a gestação ou dentro de um período de 42 dias após o seu término. O indicador utlizado para mensurar a mortalidade materna é a Razão de Mortalidade Materna (RMM). Os dados foram coletados pelos investigadores dos municípios de residência das gestantes, puérperas ou mulheres em idade fértil, conforme critérios do Guia de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Óbito Materno do Ministério da Saúde, que norteia as investigações desses óbitos, utilizando os instrumentos de coleta padronizados

Maternal mortality has been a significant and persistent public health problem in Brazil and the situation has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Maternal death is one that occurs during pregnancy or within a period of 42 days after its end. The indicator used to measure maternal mortality is the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR). The data were collected by researchers from the municipalities where pregnant women, postpartum women or women of childbearing age reside, in accordance with the criteria of the Maternal Death Epidemiological Surveillance Guide of the Ministry of Health, which guides the investigations of these deaths, using standardized and forwarded collection instruments.

US Maternal Mortality Is Unacceptably High, Unequal, and Getting Worse-What Can Be Done About It?

This Medical News article is an interview by JAMA Editor in Chief Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD, MAS, about maternal deaths and disparities in the US.

Trends in State-Level Maternal Mortality by Racial and Ethnic Group in the United States.

Importance: Evidence suggests that maternal mortality has been increasing in the US. Comprehensive estimates do not exist. Long-term trends in maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) for all states by racial and ethnic groups were estimated. Objective: To quantify trends in MMRs (maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) by state for 5 mutually exclusive racial and ethnic groups using a bayesian extension of the generalized linear model network. Design, Setting, and Participants: Observational study using vital registration and census data from 1999 to 2019 in the US. Pregnant or recently pregnant individuals aged 10 to 54 years were included. Main Outcomes and Measures: MMRs. Results: In 2019, MMRs in most states were higher among American Indian and Alaska Native and Black populations than among Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; Hispanic; and White populations. Between 1999 and 2019, observed median state MMRs increased from 14.0 (IQR, 5.7-23.9) to 49.2 (IQR, 14.4-88.0) among the American Indian and Alaska Native population, 26.7 (IQR, 18.3-32.9) to 55.4 (IQR, 31.6-74.5) among the Black population, 9.6 (IQR, 5.7-12.6) to 20.9 (IQR, 12.1-32.8) among the Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander population, 9.6 (IQR, 6.9-11.6) to 19.1 (IQR, 11.6-24.9) among the Hispanic population, and 9.4 (IQR, 7.4-11.4) to 26.3 (IQR, 20.3-33.3) among the White population. In each year between 1999 and 2019, the Black population had the highest median state MMR. The American Indian and Alaska Native population had the largest increases in median state MMRs between 1999 and 2019. Since 1999, the median of state MMRs has increased for all racial and ethnic groups in the US and the American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; and Black populations each observed their highest median state MMRs in 2019. Conclusion and Relevance: While maternal mortality remains unacceptably high among all racial and ethnic groups in the US, American Indian and Alaska Native and Black individuals are at increased risk, particularly in several states where these inequities had not been previously highlighted. Median state MMRs for the American Indian and Alaska Native and Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander populations continue to increase, even after the adoption of a pregnancy checkbox on death certificates. Median state MMR for the Black population remains the highest in the US. Comprehensive mortality surveillance for all states via vital registration identifies states and racial and ethnic groups with the greatest potential to improve maternal mortality. Maternal mortality persists as a source of worsening disparities in many US states and prevention efforts during this study period appear to have had a limited impact in addressing this health crisis.

Addressing Maternal Mortality in the US-A Pediatrics Responsibility.

This Viewpoint suggests that pediatricians' contact with the maternal-infant dyad postpartum presents an opportunity to address the US maternal mortality crisis and its inequities.

Tendencias en la mortalidad materna en el departamento de Córdoba – Colombia, 2008 – 2020 / Trends in maternal mortality in the department of Córdoba – Colombia, 2008 - 2020

Introducción: La mortalidad materna es reconocida globalmente como un problema de salud pública, situación que ha sido abordada por la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) incluyendo su reducción dentro del tercer Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible. Así mismo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) se han ocupado de instaurar programas encaminados a promover y mejorar la salud materna. Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de la mortalidad materna en el departamento de Córdoba – Colombia en el periodo 2008 a 2020 e identificar los cambios en la tendencia. Método: Ecológico con información retrospectiva. Se calculó la razón de mortalidad materna para el departamento de Córdoba y para Colombia para el periodo 2008 - 2020. Mediante la regresión joinpoint se estimó el Porcentaje de Cambio Anual (PCA) de la razón y se identificaron puntos de inflexión. Resultados: Los resultados del estudio evidencian para el departamento de Córdoba dos periodos con tendencia creciente: el primero entre el 2008 y 2010 con un PCA de 8,3 (IC95%: -71,3 – 462,6) y el segundo 2018 y 2020 con un PCA de 20,8 (IC95% -63,3 – 297,3). Sin embargo, el valor de p en ambos periodos de tiempo no resulta estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: La RMM en el departamento de Córdoba presenta un comportamiento fluctuante con grandes aumentos y repentinos descensos que sugieren deficiencias en el registro de la información y en la notificación del evento. (AU)

Introduction: Maternal mortality is recognized worldwide as a public health issue, a situation that has been addressed by the United Nations (UN) including its reduction within the third objective of sustainable development. Likewise, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) have been in charge of establishing programs focusing on promoting and improving maternal health. Objective: Analyze the evolution of maternal mortality in the department of Córdoba - Colombia in the period 2008 to 2020 and identify changes in the trend. Method: Ecological with retrospective information. The maternal mortality ratio was calculated for the department of Córdoba and for Colombia for the period 2008 - 2020. Using joinpoint regression, the Annual Percentage Change (APC) of the ratio was estimated and inflection points were identified. Results: The results of the study show two periods with an increasing trend for the department of Córdoba: the first between 2008 and 2010 with a PCA of 8.3 (95% CI: -71.3 – 462.6) and the second between 2018 and 2020 with a APC of 20.8 (CI95% -63.3 – 297.3). However, the p value in both time periods is not statistically significant. Conclusions: The MMR in the department of Córdoba presents a fluctuating behavior with large increases and sudden decreases that suggest deficiencies in the recording of information and in the notification of the event. (AU)

Mortalidade materna na adolescência e juventude: tendência temporal e correlação com cobertura pré-natal na Bahia, 2000-2020 / Maternal mortality in adolescents and young adults: temporal trend and correlation with prenatal care coverage in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 2000-2020 / Mortalidade materna na adolescência e juventude: tendência temporal e correlação com cobertura pré-natal na Bahia, 2000-2020

Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade materna e correlacioná-la com a cobertura pré-natal entre adolescentes e adultas jovens, Bahia, Brasil, 2000-2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal e correlação entre óbitos maternos e consulta de pré-natal aos 10-19 e 20-24 anos, utilizando-se o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade; a tendência foi analisada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten, segundo raça/cor da pele, causas e momento do óbito; para a correlação, utilizou-se o coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: no período, foram registrados 418 óbitos de adolescentes e 574 de adultas jovens; razão de mortalidade materna de 59,7 e 63,2 óbitos/100 mil nascidos vivos, com tendência decrescente significante (-2,2% e -2,9% respectivamente); observou-se correlação inversa entre maior número de consultas e mortalidade materna, nos grupos etários. Conclusão: a mortalidade materna apresentou tendência de redução no período, porém com altas proporções de óbito; houve correlação significante entre cobertura pré-natal e mortalidade materna, entre adolescentes e adultas jovens.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of maternal mortality and correlate it with prenatal care coverage among adolescents and young adults, state of Bahia, Brazil, 2000-2020. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study and correlation between maternal deaths and prenatal care visits in 10-19 and 20-24 age groups, using the Mortality Information System; the trend analysis was performed by means of Prais-Winsten regression, according to race/skin color, timing and causes of death; and Spearman coefficient was used for correlation. Results: in the study period, 418 deaths among adolescents and 574 among young adults were recorded; maternal mortality ratio was 59.7 and 63.2 deaths/100,000 live births, with a significant decreasing trend (-2.2% and -2.9% respectively); it could be seen an inverse correlation between a higher number of prenatal care visits and maternal mortality in the age groups. Conclusion: maternal mortality showed a decreasing trend in the study period, but with high proportions of death; there was a significant correlation between prenatal care coverage and maternal mortality among adolescents and young adults.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad materna y correlacionarla con la cobertura prenatal, entre adolescentes y adultas jóvenes, en el estado de Bahía, período 2000-2020. Métodos: estudio ecológico de series temporales y correlación entre muertes maternas y atención prenatal, en grupos de edad de 10-19 y 20-24, utilizando el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Analizó la tendencia mediante regresión de Prais-Winsten, según raza/color de piel, causas y hora de muerte; para correlación, el coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: en el período se registraron 418 muertes de adolescentes y 574 de adultas jóvenes; razón de mortalidad materna de 59,7 y 63,2 muertes/100.000 nacidos vivos, con importante tendencia a la baja (-2,2%; -2,9%, respectivamente). Se observó correlación inversa entre el mayor número de consultas y la mortalidad materna en grupos. Conclusión: la mortalidad materna mostró tendencia descendente en el período, pero con altas proporciones de muertes. Hubo una correlación significativa entre la cobertura prenatal y la mortalidad materna, adolescente y adulta joven.

Tendência da mortalidade materna (2022-2030): uma análise baseada em séries temporais / Maternal mortality trend (2022-2030): an analysis based on time series

A morte materna é definida como aquela que ocorre, por qualquer causa na gravidez, parto ou puerpério (até 42 dias após o parto), ou até 1 ano, por causas obstétricas. A maioria destes óbitos poderiam ser evitadas com estratégias de cuidado voltadas para as principais causas de óbitos. Sendo assim, este Relatório de Tendência de Indicadores Estratégicos analisa a série histórica de RMM (Razão da Mortalidade Materna) com a finalidade de traçar sua tendência até 2030 para o nível estadual, identificar os principais grupos de morbidades que provocam os óbitos maternos na série histórica 2011-2021 e avaliar o impacto dos óbitos que tiveram a COVID-19 como informação da causa da morte entre os óbitos ocorridos nos anos de 2020 e 2021

Maternal death is defined as that which occurs, from any cause during pregnancy, childbirth or the postpartum period (up to 42 days after birth), or up to 1 year, due to obstetric causes. The majority of these deaths could be avoided with care strategies aimed at the main causes of death. Therefore, this Strategic Indicator Trend Report analyzes the historical series of MMR (Maternal Mortality Ratio) with the purpose of tracing its trend until 2030 at the state level; identify the main groups of morbidities that cause maternal deaths in the 2011-2021 historical series and assess the impact of deaths caused by COVID-19 as information on the cause of death among deaths occurring in the years 2020 and 2021

Redução da mortalidade materna: expectativa de novas estratégias / Reduction of maternal mortality - expectation of new strategies

A morte materna é aquela que acontece em qualquer mulher em estado gravídico, parturiente ou em período puerperal até 42 dias após o parto por qualquer causa de óbito, exceto causas acidentais ou incidentais, ou por causas obstétricas diretas e indiretas ocorrida até 364 dias após o fim da gestação (BROWN , 2022). Em 2019, a taxa de mortalidade materna (TMM) em Goiás foi de 69,7 por 100 mil nascidos vivos (BRASIL, 2021), estando no limiar da meta estabelecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde no Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 3.1, que é de 70 óbitos por 100 mil nascidos vivos (OMS, 2022). No entanto, a frequência absoluta de óbitos maternos no ano de 2021 teve um incremento de 83,5% em relação ao ano de 2019, tornando-se uma preocupação de saúde pública (SECRETARIA DE VIGILÂNCIA EM SAÚDE, 2022)

Maternal death is one that occurs in any pregnant, parturient or puerperal woman up to 42 days after delivery from any cause of death, except accidental or incidental causes, or from direct and indirect obstetric causes occurring up to 364 days after the birth. end of pregnancy (BROWN , 2022). In 2019, the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Goiás was 69.7 per 100,000 live births (BRAZIL, 2021), being on the threshold of the goal established by the World Health Organization in the Objective of Sustainable Development 3.1, which is 70 deaths per 100,000 live births (WHO, 2022). However, the absolute frequency of maternal deaths in 2021 increased by 83.5% compared to 2019, making it a public health concern (SECRETARIA DE SURVEILLANCE IN HEALTH, 2022)

Programa Mais Médicos e a atenção ao pré-natal: desfechos obstétricos em três regiões baianas entre 2010 e 2019 / Mais Médicos Program and prenatal care: obstetric outcomes in three bahian regions between 2010-2019 / El Programa Más Médicos y la atención prenatal: resultados obstétricos en tres regiones de bahía entre 2010 y 2019

No Brasil, múltiplas políticas foram desenvolvidas para atender às demandas da saúde materno-infantil. Em 1983, sob pressão do movimento feminista, iniciou-se um programa voltado para a atenção à saúde da mulher "em sua totalidade" ­ o Programa de Assistência Integral à Saúde da Mulher (PAISM). Embora a Constituição Cidadã de 1988 afirme, no artigo 186 dos direitos sociais, que a saúde é um bem universal, essa premissa de fato nunca foi alcançável em todo território brasileiro, apesar de toda a formulação de políticas e estratégias, como o Programa Saúde da Família. Assim, o Programa Mais Médicos pelo Brasil (PMMB) foi estruturado em 2013 na expectativa de fortalecer a Estratégia Saúde da Família, garantindo o acesso universal ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por meio da Atenção Primária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito desse programa em nosso país. No Brasil, a razão da mortalidade materna (RMM) passou de aproximadamente 140, em 1990, para 57 óbitos maternos por cem mil nascidos vivos (NV) em 2019. Na Bahia, em 2019, foi registrada uma RMM de 51,2. Em 2020, esse índice alcançou o valor de 81,1. Apesar dos avanços significativos, esses resultados estão ainda distantes da meta dos objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio (ODM), que foi definida em 35,8 em 2015. Os resultados também demonstram a existência de dificuldades para atingir a meta dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS), ou seja, trinta por cem mil NV até 2030, conforme o que foi demonstrado na análise dos dados discutidos neste artigo.

In Brazil, multiple policies have been developed to meet the demands of maternal and child health. In 1983, pressured by feminist movement, the country implemented a program to focus on women's health 'in its entirety' ­ the Comprehensive Women's Health Care Program (PAISM). Although the 1988 Citizen Constitution states, in its Article 186, that health is a universal good, this premise has never in fact been achievable throughout Brazil, despite all the policies and strategies developed, such as the Family Health Strategy. As such, the More Doctors Program for Brazil (PMMB) was structured in 2013 to strengthen the Family Health Strategy, ensuring universal access to the Unified Health System (SUS) through Primary Care. Given this context, this study sought to investigate the effect this program had in the country. In Brazil, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) went from approximately 140 in 1990 to 57 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (LB) in 2019. In 2019, Bahia recorded an MMR of 51.2. In 2020, this index reached the value of 81.1. Despite significant advances, these findings are still far from the millennium development goals (MDGs) target, which was set at 35.8 in 2015. The results point to difficulties in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target, that is, 30 per 100,000 LB by 2030.

En Brasil, se han desarrollado múltiples políticas para atender las demandas de salud materno-infantil. En 1983, bajo la presión del movimiento feminista, se inició un programa orientado hacia la salud de la mujer "en su totalidad", el Programa de Acción Integral a la Salud de la Mujer (PAISM). A pesar de que la Constitución de 1988 de Brasil dispone en su artículo 186 sobre los derechos sociales que la salud es un bien universal, esa premisa, de hecho, nunca fue alcanzable en todo el territorio brasileño, incluso con la formulación de políticas y estrategias, como el Programa de Salud Familiar. Así, el Programa Más Médicos para Brasil (PMMB) se estructuró en 2013 con la expectativa de fortalecer la Estrategia de Salud Familiar, garantizando el acceso universal al Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) a través de la Atención Primaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de este programa en el país. En Brasil, la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) aumentó de aproximadamente 140 en 1990 para 57 muertes maternas por 100.000 nacidos vivos (NV) en 2019. En Bahía, en 2019 se registró una RMM de 51,2. En 2020 este índice alcanzó el valor de 81,1. A pesar de los avances significativos, estos resultados todavía están lejos de la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), que se fijó en 35,8 en 2015. Los resultados también demuestran las dificultades que existen para alcanzar la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), es decir, de 30 por 100.000 NV para 2030, como lo demuestra el análisis en este artículo.

Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in general population: A living systematic review and meta-analysis (updated Aug 14, 2021).

INTRODUCTION: Conflicting reports of increases and decreases in rates of preterm birth (PTB) and stillbirth in the general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have surfaced. The objective of our study was to conduct a living systematic review and meta-analyses of studies reporting pregnancy and neonatal outcomes by comparing the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched PubMed and Embase databases, reference lists of articles published up until August 14, 2021 and included English language studies that compared outcomes between the COVID-19 pandemic time period and the pre-pandemic time periods. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis using the inverse variance method. RESULTS: Forty-five studies with low-to-moderate risk of bias, reporting on 1 843 665 pregnancies during the pandemic period and 23 564 552 pregnancies during the pre-pandemic period, were included. There was significant reduction in unadjusted estimates of PTB (35 studies, unadjusted odds ratio [uaOR] 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98), but not in adjusted estimates (six studies, adjusted OR [aOR] 0.95, 95% CI 0.80-1.13). This reduction was noted in studies from single centers/health areas (25 studies, uaOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86-0.96) but not in regional/national studies (10 studies, uaOR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95-1.02). There was reduction in spontaneous PTB (six studies, uaOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.96) and induced PTB (five studies, uaOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.97). There was no difference in the odds of stillbirth between the pandemic and pre-pandemic time periods (24 studies, uaOR 1.11, 95% CI 0.97-1.26 and four studies, aOR 1.06, 95% CI 0.81-1.38). There was an increase in mean birthweight during the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period (six studies, mean difference 17 g, 95% CI 7-28 g). The odds of maternal mortality were increased (four studies, uaOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05-1.26); however, only unadjusted estimates were available and the result was mostly influenced by one study from Mexico. There was significant publication bias for the outcome of PTB. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic may be associated with a reduction in PTB; however, referral bias cannot be excluded. There was no statistically significant difference in stillbirth between pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.

Análise temporal da letalidade materna hospitalar no pós-parto segundo risco gestacional e via de parto, nas regiões do Brasil, 2010-2019 / Análisis temporal de letalidad materna hospitalaria en el posparto según riesgo gestacional y vía de parto en las regiones de Brasil, 2010-2019 / Time series analysis of in-hospital maternal case fatality ratio in the postpartum period according to pregnancy risks and route of delivery in the regions of Brazil, 2010-2019

Objetivo: analisar a letalidade materna hospitalar pós-parto segundo risco gestacional e via de parto, no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil e macrorregiões, 2010-2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares; a letalidade materna hospitalar pós-parto considerou internações maternas com desfecho "óbito" sobre o total de internações/ano, segundo risco gestacional e via de parto, nas regiões. Resultados: houve 19.158.167 internações para parto e 5.110 óbitos no período analisado; a letalidade materna subiu de 1,1 (2010) para 1,9 óbito/10 mil internações (2019), em gestações de risco habitual após partos vaginais, e reduziu-se de 10,5 (2010) para 7,0 óbitos/10 mil internações (2019) em gestações de alto risco após cesarianas; o Centro-Oeste expressou a maior e o Sul a menor letalidade para gestações de alto risco. Conclusão: a letalidade hospitalar foi maior em gestações de alto risco, com diferenças segundo via de parto e regiões.

Objetivo: analizar la letalidad materna hospitalaria posparto según riesgo gestacional y modalidad de parto por el Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil y regiones entre 2010-2019. Métodos: estudio de serie temporal ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalario; la letalidad materna hospitalaria posparto consideró las hospitalizaciones maternas con resultado de óbito, por el total de hospitalizaciones por año. Resultados: hubo 19.158.167 admisiones por parto y 5.110 óbitos en el período; la letalidad materna aumentó de 1,10 (2010) a 1,9 muerte/10.000 (2019) en embarazos de riesgo habitual posparto vaginal y disminuyó de 10,5 a 7,0 muertes/10.000 en embarazos de alto riesgo después de cesáreas; el Centro-Oeste expresó la letalidad más alta y el Sur la más baja para embarazos de alto riesgo. Conclusión: la letalidad hospitalaria fue mayor en los embarazos de alto riesgo, con diferencias según el modo de parto y las regiones de Brasil.

Objective: to analyze in-hospital maternal case fatality ratio in the postpartum period according to pregnancy risks and route of delivery, within the Brazilian National Health System, Brazil and macro-regions, 2010-2019. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study, using data from the Hospital Information System; in-hospital maternal case fatality ratio in the postpartum period took into consideration maternal hospitalizations with outcome 'death' over the total number of hospitalizations per year, according to pregnancy risks and route of delivery, in the regions. Results: there were 19,158,167 hospitalizations for childbirth and 5,110 deaths in the period analyzed; maternal case fatality ratio increased from 1.1 (2010) to 1.9 death/10,000 hospitalizations (2019), in usual-risk pregnancies after vaginal deliveries, and decreased from 10.5 (2010) to 7.0 deaths/10,000 hospitalizations (2019) in high-risk pregnancies after cesarean sections; the Midwest region presented the highest and the South region the lowest case fatality ratio for high-risk pregnancies. Conclusion: in-hospital case fatality ratio was higher for high-risk pregnancies, showing differences according to route of delivery and regions.

Maternal mortality associated with COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 and 2021: Comparison with non-pregnant women and men.

OBJECTIVE: Mortality rates of pregnant and postpartum women grew in the second COVID-19 pandemic year. Our objective is to understand this phenomenon to avoid further deaths. METHODS: We collected data from SIVEP-Gripe, a nationwide Brazilian database containing surveillance data on all severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19, between the first notified case (February 2020) until the 17th epidemiological week of 2021. We stratified patients into maternal women (which includes pregnant and postpartum women), non-maternal women and men and divided them by time of diagnosis in two periods: first period (February to December 2020) and second period (the first 17 epidemiological weeks of 2021 before pregnant and postpartum women were vaccinated). RESULTS: During the second period, all patients had higher risk of presenting severe COVID-19 cases, but the maternal population was at a higher risk of death (OR of 2.60 CI 95%: 2.28-2.97)-almost double the risk of the two other groups. Maternal women also had a higher risk of needing intensive care, intubation and of presenting desaturation in the second period. Importantly, maternal women presented fewer comorbidities than other patient groups, suggesting that pregnancy and postpartum can be an important risk factor associated with severe COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the Gama variant, which has been related to greater virulence, transmissibility and mortality rates leads to more severe cases of COVID-19 for pregnant and postpartum women.